The journal adheres to internationally recognised principles of publication ethics and scientific integrity, following the recommendations of COPE, ICMJE, WAME, CSE, and the DOAJ Principles of Transparency and Best Practice.
Research Integrity
Research involving human participants, patient data, biological materials, or animals must include evidence of ethical approval and informed consent where applicable. Scientific misconduct — including plagiarism, duplicate publication, data fabrication, falsification, unethical authorship practices, or image manipulation — is strictly prohibited.
Plagiarism & Similarity
All manuscripts are screened using plagiarism-detection software prior to peer review. Manuscripts demonstrating unacceptable similarity, unattributed text, duplicate publication, fabricated data, or manipulated images may be rejected or referred for further investigation.
Use of Artificial Intelligence
AI tools may be used only for language editing, formatting assistance, or technical support, and may not be listed as authors. Authors remain fully responsible for the accuracy, originality, integrity, and ethical compliance of submitted manuscripts. Any substantial use of AI-assisted technologies must be transparently disclosed.
Conflict of Interest & Funding
Authors, reviewers, and editors must disclose any financial, institutional, academic, or personal relationships that could influence the publication process. Where none exist, authors should state: “The authors declare no conflict of interest.” All funding sources must be disclosed.
Authorship & Data Availability
Authors are encouraged to provide a contribution statement based on the CRediT taxonomy, and a data availability statement describing whether supporting data are available and where they may be accessed.
Copyright & Licensing
Authors retain copyright while granting the journal the right of first publication and a non-exclusive licence to publish, archive, distribute, and promote the article. All articles are published under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). All articles are assigned a DOI to ensure persistent accessibility and citation tracking.
Editorial Independence
The journal maintains full editorial independence. Editorial decisions are based exclusively on scientific quality, originality, methodological rigour, ethical compliance, and relevance to the journal’s scope.